Analysis Of My Sister, Geyonia, And Me Essay - 938 Words

Night before the week of the analysis: Relationship analysis of my sister – Geyonia – and me. Using the concepts: Self-concept Emotional display Perception impact Nonverbal behaviors/communication Listening styles Stage of relationship Disclosure styles Communication climates Confirming and disconfirming messages Conflict event and styles Types of resolution I will be relating my week of analysis of the relationship with my sister to the above concepts and explaining the relationship I have with Geyonia. Self-concept is the set of perceptions you have about yourself (emotional states, talents, likes, dislikes, values, roles, and etc.) and perhaps the most fundamental possession of ourselves. Self-concept is created through messages from significant others, through social groups, culture, and sex/gender; it is subjective and may vary. Perception is affected by who we are, our access to information, physiological influences, cultural differences, and social roles. Perception has four steps: selection (what we choose to ignore and pay attention to), organization (how we arrange the information we selected), interpretation (attaching meaning to information), and negotiation (trying to achieve a shared perspective). Perception checking can be useful to verify interpretations of others behaviors. Nonverbal communications are messages expresse d by nonlinguistic terms (such as sighs, laughs, throat clearing, etc.) and influenced by gender and culture. Emotional intelligence is the

Importance Of Geography Essay - 873 Words

Justin Merry What is geography?......... And why do we study it? Geography is knowledge of not only where places are, but also why and how they are there. And also predicting where places may be in the future. The word geography originated from the Greeks. It literally translates to â€Å"Earth Description†. Which makes sense because thats exactly what geography is. Geography is an all encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities. Two terms often used in geography are human geography and physical geography. Human geography deals with studying people and their cultures economics and interaction with nature. Physical geography deals with studying the processes and patterns in the†¦show more content†¦The concept of â€Å"Place† helps geographers compare and contrast two different locations on Earth such as Antarctica and the Sahara Desert. So the theme â€Å"Place† basically tells what makes a cer tain location unique compared to other locations. The third theme of geography is â€Å"Region†. The theme â€Å"Region† is basically the opposite of the last theme â€Å"Place†. Region has to deal with areas that share common characteristics like spaces, schools, etc. The region can be identified using physical characteristics like climate and landforms. A region can also have multiple â€Å"Places† with unifying characteristics like climate and landforms even though they are not exactly the same, but very similar. Many regions have defined lines or boundaries such as a sea. There are human made regions also such as metropolitans like New York City in the United States, Tokyo in Japan, Beijing in China, and Mumbai in India. There are also â€Å"Vernacular† Regions which are defined with imaginary lines such as â€Å"The Middle-East† even though it is never mentioned on any maps of the Earth. So â€Å"Region† is areas with unifying characteristics. The fourth theme of geography is â€Å"Movement†. The Earth is full of movement. Which primarily is the movement of human beings, their goods and resources, and their ideas. Movement deals with the population, immigration, and emigration of humans. Us humansShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Geography Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesKerrigan Moore Why is Geography Important? Mrs. Bezy Geography Honors Period 8 8/14/17 Why is Geography Important? In geography there are five main themes that we learn about: location, place, region, movement, and human and environment interaction. There are various reasons why we study geography. Geography is what we use to locate things around the world. It can tell us where a state is, to where an exact street is. Geography is a very useful resource. The first mainRead More The Importance of Geography in The Killer Angels Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Geography in The Killer Angels      Ã‚   War is a complicated event.   Many different factors are considered in the strategic planning during a war.   The number of troops, ammunition supplies, and the lay of the land are just three of the considerations that must be given when fighting a battle.   Such considerations were made during the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg.   In The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, Shaara uses geography throughout his recounting of the event.   HisRead MoreAmerican Public s Knowledge And Involvement839 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay briefly describes the current state of the Americans public’s knowledge and involvement in news, geography, and politics, citing both anecdotal and formal academic examples. First, this essay describes the American public’s knowledge and involvement in news. Then, this essay describes the American public’s knowledge and involvement in geography. Finally, it describes the American public’s knowledge and involveme nt in politics. American Public’s Understanding and Involvement in News Read MoreEssay on Sociology and Social Sciences1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Social Sciences Complete and submit this assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (7 points) 1. Rank the seven social sciences (anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology) according to what you believe is their importance and influence on the people in a modern society. Answer: 1.Psychology (How humans think influences most, if not all of the social sciences.)   2.Sociology (This helps figure out how society thinks. If you understandRead MoreMid-Term Paper1045 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: How does geography affect culture development? There are many cultures in the history of human kind, each very diverse and unique in its own way. There are many factors which lead to their diversity and uniqueness, such as the different interaction factors with other cultures. However, one of the most important factors of all is the geographical conditions in which the culture had to develop to. Geography can affect a culture greatly in many different ways. Geography provided the environmentRead MoreIntersectionality Importance1081 Words   |  5 Pagespeople I know, besides the ones outside of this geography course, would have no idea what I meant. As a matter of fact, I myself had never heard of intersectionality before the guest lecture. So, what exactly is intersectionality, why is it important, how does it affect identity, and how does it fit into the context of a geography class? I will be answering all these questions in my essay. So, to begin to understand intersectionality and its importance, it might be easier to introduce intersectionalityRead MoreThe Impacts of the Residential School System on the Aboriginal People of Canada1017 Words   |  4 Pages(Scott in Grant, 1996: 273). Canada is a vast territory widely recognised for the cultural and geographical diversity in nature. This alone poses a distinct challenge to understanding a unified conception of Aboriginal Geographies of Canada - particularly for understanding the Geographies of The Canadian Residential Schools System (RSS). The Canadian Residential School System was an early government led approach to Indigenous ‘development’. It was initially implemented to educate the ‘uncivilised’ AboriginalRead MoreEssay on South Africa: A Country on the Rise1327 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal stage and now is an influential player in world affairs. Senior enlisted leaders must understand the importance of South Africa’s continued development and support to United States national interests so that commands will be informed facilitators to the strong bond between these two nations. This paper will discuss South Africa’s background information, government, strategic importa nce, and future direction of this emerging nation. Background Information South Africa occupies the southernRead MoreNature And Wilderness By John De Crevecoeur And Ralph Waldo Emerson859 Words   |  4 Pagesspeech that was entitled The American Scholar to a crowded house at Harvard. The speech was a very powerful and moving call to Americans to get out from under Europe s control and form their own culture, shaped by the nation s unique history and geography. In it he also described that in nature we make our own choice from what is given in nature, and we are to find it for we are all given the choices to select from. Emerson wrote, â€Å"- - present to all particular men only partially, or through one faculty;Read MoreJune Jordan and David Sedaris Description of Experiences with Linguistic Diversity: A Comparative Analysis683 Words   |  3 PagesBoth June Jordan and David Sedaris describe their experiences with linguistic diversity. Jordans June Jordan Nobody Mean More to Me than You and the Future Life of Willie Jordan is an essay on the importan ce of teaching and acknowledging Black English. According to Jordan, Black English is not exactly a linguistic buffalo, meaning that the language is not rare or extinct (160). This is true even if Black English develops within a world that is alien and hostile to us, (160). David Sedariss

The Importance of Emotional Intelligence In Kreamer´s...

For decades men have dominated the work force of America. It was not until recently that women began entering the business world and to this day they continue to battle for equality in the workplace. Leadership positions and salary negotiations are what normally come to mind when discussing the obstacles that women face at work. An article that appeared in Time Magazine called â€Å"Go Ahead- Cry at Work†, by Anne Kreamer, discusses Kreamer’s personal challenges with expressing her emotions at work, along with the overall struggle that women face when trying to find a â€Å"socially appropriate way to express legitimate anger in the workplace† (Kreamer). The article discusses the need not to eliminate emotion from the work place, as many people†¦show more content†¦Where as the same study showed that men who use anger were given the chance to justify their emotion by the situation they are put in and not judged unfairly (Kreamer). The stereotype that wom en are sensitive and nurturing has enabled them to be seen as competitors in the business world and because of this study they now feel the need to refrain from displaying their emotions completely to be seen as a competitive candidate for a job. â€Å"Emotionality at the workplace is not a female issue, men and women are equally driven by it, even if the emotions are sometimes expressed differently† (Kreamer). When Kreamer was confronted my her boss, Mr. Redstone, her initial reaction was to begin to cry, but some how she refrained from doing so because she thought that she would be viewed by her coworkers as unprofessional or weak. She later decided that employees should feel free to express their emotion in the workplace, especially by crying because it â€Å"stimulates the production of the feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine and restores emotional equilibrium† (Kreamer). While it may seem that crying can be beneficial, there is a place and time for conveying certain emotion. For Anne Kreamer, the Vice President of the consumer products and publishing division at Nickelodeon, letting out a few tears in the confinement of herShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers

Gatsby American Dream Essay - 1698 Words

The American dream is defined as â€Å"an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative† (Google). There were many conflicts that interfered with trying to reach each individual s dream. Each character had their own meaning of their dream, Jay Gatsby especially. He had a big impact in his life, Daisy, which led to failure in his own American dream. In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby almost lived out his American dream, by finding the love of his life, and almost fulfilled the dream to be with her forever. At the beginning, Jay Gatsby made a dream for himself, he would have possibly been able to accomplish this dream if his life had not changed from going into the†¦show more content†¦His wealth doesn t help him with decision making and he doesn t focus on the things he needs to be aware of if he wants to achieve his goals. This lack of awareness makes him not seem as smart as everyone thinks he is. From this point, Daisy had impacted on Gatsby in a sensational way. He felt things that he had never felt before. â€Å"He knew that Daisy was extraordinary, but he didn t realize just how extraordinary a ‘nice’ girl could be. She vanished into her rich house, into her rich, full life, leaving Gatsby—nothing. He felt married to her, that was all† (Fitzgerald 149). Gatsby felt that he had been married to Daisy, the love he felt for her was overpowering, even though they had only had a short time together before he left for war. It broke his heart when he would see her living with her lavish life, without him in it. It s like they were in two separate worlds. In the meantime, the love she made him feel and show, made him think differently. â€Å"‘I can t describe to you how surprised I was to find out I love her, old sport. I even hoped for a while that she d throw me over, but she didn t because she was in love with me too. She thought I knew a lot because I knew different things from her... Well, there I was, way off my ambitions, getting deeper in love every minute, and all of the sudden I didn t care. What was the use of doing great things if I could have a better time telling her what I was going to do?’†Show MoreRelated The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesmade by Marius Bewley’s critical essay â€Å"Scott Fitzgerald: The Apprentice Fiction†, â€Å"Fitzgerald’s ultimate subject is the character of the American Dream in which, in their respective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Gr eat Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of theirRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby has always been a great book, but have you ever wondered what the meaning of â€Å"The American Dream† is..? To me the american dream†¦ is anyone and everyone can come here to american and achieve their goals, they can have better lives here in the US, they can be more successful when they put their minds to it. Fitzgeralds was making it seem that the rich or more money you have the happier youll be, the better off you are in life. He paints a picture makingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream Essay1940 Words   |  8 PagesKaylie Skoumal Mrs. Sabers English II 6 October 2017 Destruction of an American Dream â€Å"The American Dream is that any man or woman, despite of his or her background, can change their circumstances and rise as high as they are willing to work† (Fabrizio Moreira Quotes). Jay Gatsby believed that he could achieve his American Dream of being successful and marrying Daisy by working extremely hard in his lifetime. He labored to make a great amount of money through a disreputable way with Meyer WolfshiemRead MoreGatsby Essay : The American Dream1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream is achievable depending on your perspective and/or attitude. One person can look at the glass as half full, or half empty. Throughout The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby is not able to achieve his dream while Sofia, from the book How the Garcà ­a Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez, was able to. It all depended on how they looked upon achieving their goal. In the end, the American dream is to be surrounded by what makes you happy and what you have achieved. SofiaRead More Gatsby and the American Dream Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is what we all aspire to achieve. The idea of starting off with nothing and to become something has caused millions of people from all corners of the world to immigrate to this country for over 300 years. However, what exactly is the American Dream? F Scott Fitzgerald answers this question within his novel The Great Gatsby. Through the eyes of Nick Carraway, Fitzgerald analyses the high class of the 1920s and reveals that the American Dream has been distorted from a pure idealRead MoreGatsby American Dream Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages The American Dream The great Gatsby is a classic novel in which money is centered around everything. All Jay Gatsby wants to do is live the American dream. Some say Gatsby did live the American dream. Though Gatsby made lots of money and threw tons of parties their was one thing he was missing. The thing Gatsby was missing was a peaceful state of mind and a lover. In this book written by Scott Fitzgerald called The Great Gatsby Jay Gatsby finds out the American Dream isn t attainableRead MoreGatsby American Dream Essay1931 Words   |  8 Pageshave been said about the American Dream; numerous amount of people have gone all out against themselves to prove that it does not only exist but can also be achieved. So many people concentrated and dedicated their lives to this dream. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby and Myrtle Wilson both try to reach their ambition, to achieve the â€Å"American dream†; on the other hand, their fate mirrors an important statement on the true nature of such a dream. Characters such as TomRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby1302 Words   |  6 Pages On April 10, 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby, a novel that would later become one of the best known pieces of classic literature in history. However, at the time of its publication, Gatsby was fairly unpopular ad the reviews were never consistent. As shocking as it may seem, I believe it is because Fitzgerald’s intelligence and creativity levels were way ahead of his time, which is evident when one pays close attention to the themes of the novel. ForgivenessRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1001 Words   |  5 Pageshas been a place â€Å"where dreams come true,† from when the colonists aspired freedom and liberty to present day where Americans pursue wealth and success. However, throughout the twentieth century, this concept of the â€Å"American drea m† seemed to have deceived the commonwealth as those who aspired success found themselves poor and deprived of the benefits the American dream promised them. This idea of the corruption of the American dream is prominent in the novel The Great Gatsby, as the author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesforward in his head like a blind man knocking over the solid furniture.† All people have their own big dreams circulating their minds and a sort of desperation to achieve them, no matter where they grow up or live, but where someone comes from might influence what it is they’re longing for. In his novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† he demonstrates the delusive and far-fetched concept of the American dream in men of West Egg compared to those of the Valley of Ashes and East Egg by describing the different lifestyles

Critical Analysis various programs Free Essays

One of the most essential functions of the state is to provide public welfare and look after the citizens of the country. This is done through the application of various programs aimed at developing the people’s capacity and alleviating others. The success in this task is what, to a great extent, defines the state’s relationship with the citizens and how much people get involved in collaboration with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis various programs or any similar topic only for you Order Now If they don’t get the support of the state, citizens can slip into apathy and become disjoint from matters that require the attention of the whole nation. As the decades have progressed we see significant changes in the way public programs are organized and continuing improvement is necessary to promote efficiency and results. In Hope Unraveled, Richard Harwood states some of his basic observations after conversations with the American people across various states. He makes a good point that the nation is embroiled at most, in the debate regarding republicans and democrats and whether religion should be an important element in the state and does not go any further. When looked at closely, what the nation appears to be eliciting is a general level of distancing from politics and public life. The link between state leaders and the ordinary people is a very frail one and now that the ethos of the people is no longer truly represented in the rhetoric of the politicians, the public is withdrawing itself. This as a result is allowing these leaders to garner political gain for themselves (Harwood, 2005). This perhaps presents the need for some sort of change in the measures adopted for public welfare and other programs initiated by the state. That fragile link between the state and the people needs to be rebuilt which can best be done by improving public management. Kamensky and Burlin, present a very good insight into the measures that could be taken by public managers which stress use of collaborative arrangements. The basic principles of networks and partnerships can be of very important use in this regard. To bring about a so called â€Å"public management revolution† requires some changes in the methods adopted. Productivity needs to be stressed on through all levels of public services (Kamensky, 2005). This has been the hallmark of the private sector and perhaps it is now a time for increased dependence on it by the public sector. Another change drastically needed is reducing the centralization and allowing more entrustment at the sub national level so application is left more to those at the grass roots, better able to respond to changing conditions. The centre could focus more on the creation of public policy and making sure the smaller, semi-autonomous units are held accountable for their measures. The core beliefs surrounding the need for this public management revolution are culminating in public managers opting to replace the traditional bureaucratic organizational structure and to engage in the provision of public services with new and creative ways. A few ways of doing this is contracting out services to third parties and collections of public, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations, instead of a bureaucratic hierarchy. These contractual relationships can help develop linkages between organizations, although it would be significantly different from a network. Networks may be funded by grants, contracts, or fee-for-service arrangements, but they use collaboration as a way of dealing with problems in a coordinated fashion that would be impossible for just one organization. The idea behind contracting is exactly the opposite of collaboration—competition, where two or more organizations are forced to compete for the contract. The network logic is that collaboration is needed to deal with problems that don’t fit neatly within the boundaries of a single organization. This creation of a so called networked form of governance has been the ultimate result of contracts and decentralization (Harwood, 2005). Collaborative networks are the best methods for tackling public management problems like homelessness and child welfare. The problems mentioned above that have to be tackled by public agencies are interrelated to a great extent and in most occasions, are bigger than what one single, unconnected agency can handle. Effective management is important in the case of dealing with networks but the benefits accumulated from them are resoundingly high. A connected series of jobs can be fulfilled that may otherwise prove overwhelming. The network is disjointedly different from other forms such as a bureaucratic structure but their ability to aid in problem solving; despite their complex make up is what makes them important for improving public management. Certain precautions need to be taken for networks to be successful. They can result in failure if effective management is not available. There is not much significant research available in this regard. However it is still important to be stressed upon with public managers being provided a certain level of understanding of what needs to be done for increased ability of networks to achieve success. Schorr is an advocate making use of the ability of networks and the lessening of the bureaucratic hierarchical structure that was slowly emerging. According to her, public programs have to be â€Å"comprehensive, flexible, responsive and persevering† to be effective. This is best achieved by the decentralization that has been stressed upon before and letting the people at the grass roots handle what they are adept at. These public programs also require clear objectives and the availability of sufficient resources (Schorr, 1998). There may never have been a need for thinking about the advantages of networking for public services if earlier trends had continued. Before, as Schorr examined, there were slowly emerging small but viable public programs that were actually making headway in dealing with social problems. Unemployment and issues such as teen pregnancy were effectively being handled and great things could have been expected from these programs but many of these creative ideas soon came under the stranglehold of bureaucracy. Once caught, these programs slipped into obscurity and lost their luster. Part of the responsibility for the slip in public management and the adverse results can be attributed to the public. The modern day citizens can be seen to possess a deep seeded anger with public life and politics in general. There was some level of care about the public realm but in general, most felt manipulated by lobbying techniques and spin meisters. Over time this even developed into frustration as many saw big issues being deliberated upon but too little concern being shown for their issues. This was complimented by the failure of public programs that were bogged down by the bureaucratic hierarchical structure. Even the news was dominated by scandals and power politics that did not fit public concern anywhere in its fold. Thus when the people were immensely frustrated with public life, they began to withdraw to their own personal abode where they attempted to get away from the manipulative power of media and the political lobbyists and spin meisters. September 11 was one event that gathered the nation together with promises of engaging citizens, inception of new welfare programs and perhaps the emergence of more practical news in the media. It could have been the starting point of a process of change, a catalyst for greater trust and involvement in public life. That golden opportunity was eventually lost as well as the nation continued its retreat away from the public sphere and slipped further away. Success of public programs depends to a great extent on the involvement of citizens. This requires certain notions of public good and awareness. That was just the thing being lost from the nation’s shared lives. However great the frustration is with a particular cause, the health of a democracy and the effectiveness of its public programs requires more than just a good voter turnout. It requires keen interest in public life and involvement in every sphere. This â€Å"me first† philosophy needs to change if public program are to be salvaged. Building networks and partnerships is one thing but not every organizational move can result in success. It requires belief and the willingness to go the extra mile. This other path can lead the nation to create a more vibrant and robust public life. This requires a reevaluation of how the general public evaluates and puts into practice the public programs. It is a translation of the belief that people actually want to get involved and make a difference. They want to step forward to improve their surroundings and bring about change in society. When things start improving on one end, it tends to produce a ripple effect that spreads across various rungs of the public infrastructure (Bardach, 1998). For philanthropy, this approach has immediate and concrete implications. This approach needs a particular kind of thinking that focuses on going beyond the creation of single projects or singular objectives. It requires putting hope in workable projects that themselves become shining stars to follow and emulate. This creates a feel good factor within the framework of the public administration and involves the people further as well. It has to be kept in mind that such singular projects alone can not halt particular trends or lead to improvement at large. Supporting singular successful projects only works well if it is paired with more initiative and the drive to continue producing measurable results from public programs which actually allows a new trend to establish roots and cement the change process. What needs to be taken care of here is that the change being aimed for does not just provide short term gain and results in an increase in competition within communities in the nation. The benefits of singular projects that turn out successful may not accrue to all in the short term or even in the near future but it does lead to establishment of change. This requires patience which if not fostered, could result in acrimonious feelings within the communities (Tom, 2007). The challenge is that in the current culture of opposition, our very public structures, relationships, networks, leaders and norms are not amenable or hospitable to supporting an alternate path. This creates certain uphill tasks. As some analysts point out, real and sustainable change can only be garnered with the presence of the right mechanism. This has been founding wanting in large parts of the society and even the catalysts for change are now hard to discover and capitalize on. The years of stagnation with regard to public life has created a gap on how actually to best engage people and lead to an acceptable level of progress in public programs. It proves inherently difficult thus, to seek out ways to overcome the existent adverse conditions that hold progress. There is a need for creation of an alternate path in society, one that ignites a sense of possibility and hope. This path requires bringing together all the steps that have been deliberated above. The first is the development of civic minded organizations which go beyond the society’s divisive elements and actually involve the people as such, enabling them to engage. The needs of the hour is innovation and persistence on the part of the administrators as constructing something new and workable like that is not very quickly done. Such organizations if successfully constructed can serve as central beacons of hope that can be the stepping stone for increased engagement in public life and alleviating some of the withdrawal that has plagued the nation. These organizations themselves also need to bank on networks and partnerships with the private sector and with other public entities so as to maintain efficiency and help increase credibility of the public management. This has to be complemented with the creation of leaders, emerging both from within society and the public sphere who can help this cycle of sustainable change to continue and also make sure that the complex partnerships and networks that come into place for problems solving work well and do not expire, leading the nation back to the trend it so desperately needs to halt. Works Cited Bardach, Eugene (1998). Getting Agencies to Work Together. Brookings Institution Press. Kamensky, John M (2004). Collaboration. Rowman Littlefield. Richard, Harwood (2005). Hope Unravelled. Kettering Foundation Press. Schorr, Lisbeth (1998). Common Purpose. Anchor. Tom, Christensen (2007). Transcending New Public Management . Ashgate Publishing. How to cite Critical Analysis various programs, Papers

Management under Uncertainty Dynamic Corporate World

Question: Describe about the Management under Uncertainty for Dynamic Corporate World. Answer: Introduction In the current dynamic corporate world, firms face an unfavorable institution environment due to the uncertainty of what will occur. The uncertainties exert pressure on the firms and limit their decision-making behavior. However, regardless of all the uncertainty, the manager must still make sound decisions on how to run the company by taking advantage of market opportunities. The essay aims at analyzing management under uncertainty referring to how the finance manager in Golden cycle company, Australia branch, made his decision to purchase a fruit processing machine rather than outsource for the processing services. Part 1: Deciding in uncertainty: How the finance manager in Golden Circle made his decision (company) While working for Golden Cycle company (a food and beverage company), I observed the finance manager make a decision to buy a food processing machine rather than outsource the processing services. The finance manager was faced with a decision on whether to purchase a new fruit processing machine (to process 180 tons of fruit annually) or to outsource for the fruit processing for the financial year beginning January 1, 2014. The company, however, was not certain of the cash flows that would result from the utilization of the processing machine. According to the projections made by the finance manager, the machine's useful life was ten years with projected annual cash flows of $ 600,000 million. The cash flows, however, highly depended on the market demand and the market conditions prevailing at each financial year. How the finance manager arrived at his decision and factors influencing his decision Given the fact that the annual cash flows (cash from the sale of the juice processed) were uncertain, according to the historical trend of the past market demand and conditions, the finance manager assigned three probabilities to each cash flow per year. In this situation, the finance manager used three approaches to risk when assigning the probabilities to the cash flows. That is risk aversion, risk taking, and indifference to risk. As such, he came up with the optimistic expectation (unfavorable results), expected expectation (actual results), and optimistic expectation (favorable results). He then proceeded to attach a probability to each outcome and calculated the average cash flow in each year. With the average cash flows each year ($ 549,000 million), he compared this with the revenue less the total cost of outsourcing ($ 498,000) and arrived at his conclusion of the company purchasing the processing machine rather than outsourcing the processing services. Save for the cost incurred; several other factors served to influence the decision of the finance manager. First, the company would be able to control the quality of the processed juice if it purchased the processing machine as compared to outsourcing the machine. Second, the market demand might change for the better shortly thus enabling the company to produce more products and reduce the cost. Thirds, the company, would use the processing machine for the processing of several other fruit beverages which would not be the case if the company outsourced for the processing services. Part 2: The economic rationality model by Herbert Simon The model argues that the decision-maker is a rational being who attempts to achieve maximum advantage/benefit through the selection of the best course of action from several courses of action. According to Herbert Simon's argument, as summarized by Hallowell and Gambatese (2010), the task of the decision-maker in economic rationality model is selecting the course of action that results in the best results from all the possible consequences. The model suggests that two factors can assist the decision-maker in measuring the correctness of the decision made (Green and Armstrong, 2007). The factors are the extent to which the decision made achieves the desired/expected objectives and the efficiency with which the desired/expected results are obtained from the decision made. The model follows four main steps in reaching a conclusion on which course of action to take (Conejo et al., 2010). The first step involves listing all the alternative courses of action. For example, in Golden Cycle, the finance manager listed various alternative courses of action such as purchasing a new processing machinery, outsourcing the processing services, and leasing the processing machine. The second step involves the determination of all the consequences that would result from each of the alternative course of action. About the case summarized above, the finance manager computed all the expected cash flows that would result from the utilization of the processing machinery and the cost the company would incur if the company chose to outsource the fruit processing services. The third step involves the comparison (both the efficiency and accuracy) of the consequences of each alternative course of action and choosing the best course of action (Dequech, 2006). In our case, the f inance manager compared the cost of outsourcing the services and the cost of purchasing the processing machine and reached a conclusion that purchasing the machine would save the company some cost coupled with several another benefit that the company would reap from the asset. Finally, the fourth step involves monitoring of choice made to determine whether the desired results are achieved and the accuracy with which they are achieved/obtained. An important point to note is that the decision that a decision-maker, as a member of the organization (say a finance manager) and the decision that the same decision-maker would make in his personal capacity would be different since the personal and organizational goals differ. Assumptions of the model The model holds several assumptions. First, it holds that the decision-maker has a clear and definite objective for which he is making the decision. Second, the models assume that the decision-maker is completely aware of all the possible alternative courses of action. Third, the probabilities calculated by the decision-maker are not mysterious nor frightening. Fourth, it assumes that the decision-maker has full freedom in choosing the best course of action which he thinks will serve to optimize the decision. The model further assumes that no limit exists to the computation complexity when determining the best alternatives. Rationality of the steps in economic rationality model Inarguably, there exist three main possible outcomes in business; the expected outcome, a better outcome than the expected (optimistic), and a worse outcome than the expected (pessimistic). As such business decisions should be based on these outcomes (Furnham and Boo, 2011). By evaluating the probability of each situation occurring, the firm can calculate the expected payoff by finding the average return from all the three possible outcomes and then make a decision as the finance manager in Golden Cycle Company did. Limitations of the model Although the economic rationality model provides a clear decision-making process, it is not without some serious limitations. Jalonen (2011) argues that the model makes some unrealistic assumptions such as the decision-maker has adequate information to make a decision. The model further makes an unreasonable assumption that the decision-maker can process all the information acquired when making the decision. However, Frenken (2006) argues that according to the idea of bounded rationality, the cognitive limitations of the decision maker's mind serve as constraints in processing all the information available. Part 3: Bounded rationality and its influence in management under uncertainty The idea of bounded rationality is that in any process of decision-making, inadequate information, limited time, and the cognitive limit of a persons mind limits the rationality of the decision maker. Rationality, on the other hand, refers to the ability of an individual to make a reasonable judgment based on sound reasons and facts (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2005). The concept of bounded rationality suggests that regardless of the level of intelligence of the decision maker, the latter have to work in an environment laced with three inescapable constraints. The first constraint is limited information. Decision makers face a serious challenge of sourcing for adequate information regarding all the possible alternative courses of action and the results/consequences of each alternative course of action. It is undeniable that the finance manager had inadequate information about all the alternative processing alternatives in the market such as leasing. He, therefore, ended up making a conclusion based on inadequate information hence probably leaving out better alternatives (Karni and Schmeidler, 2009a). For instance, rather than purchasing the processing machine, the company would have opted to lease the machine which would have saved the company some money in the form of tax shields. If the finance manager had all the necessary information, maybe he would have made a different decision based on the information. The second constraint results from the fact that human mind works in a limited capacity in evaluating and processing all the alternative courses of action available in making a decision. Undoubtedly, everything has a limit/limited capacity. Therefore, such decision makers can evaluate certain decision only up to a certain limit. As such, Frenken, (2006) notes that the decision maker either fail to analyze or they overlook certain critical factors that would otherwise influence the outcome if it were considered. For instance, the processing machine purchased by Golden Cycle Company might fail to produce the necessary amount of juice to meet the market demand hence not meeting its target cash flows. On the other side, the finance manager might have computed the probabilities incorrectly based on the past market trends which might change in future. However, given the fact that human mind works within limited capacity, the finance manager could not predict the future market conditions ac curately. Limited time to make the decision serves as the third constraint. Decision makers have limited time to make a decision given the opportunity cost of delayed decisions. Given these facts, the decision maker has to act quickly to take advantage of the new opportunities in the market (Yang, 2007) at their initial stages to ensure the company gains a competitive edge. As such, even the decision makers who usually have the intention of making rational choices based on all the material facts are forced to make satisficing decisions/choices in complex situations (Wang et al., 2006). Adequate time would enable a firm to consider all the possible courses of action, their consequences, and end up making a rational choice (Xu et al., 2006). Also, were the firm to have adequate time while facing a decision under uncertainty, it can postpone its decision until it becomes relatively clear which course of action is the best. Had the finance manager at Golden Cycle Company had enough time to analyze the market trends carefully, maybe he would the expected cash flows would have been different, thus resulting in a different decision. However, the firm would incur a huge opportunity cost for taking too long before making a decision. Given these three constraints, rational decision makers, rather than optimizing their decisions, often make satisficing decisions (Mula et al., 2006). Conclusion Given the uncertainty of the current dynamic corporate world, managers have to approach decision making with an open and alert mind. They have to balance between focus and flexibility while making sure the company does not incur huge opportunity cost nor does it sacrifice its competitive edge. References Conejo, A., Carrion, M., Morales, J., (2010). "Decision-Making Under Uncertainty in Electricity Markets, International Series in Operations Research and Management Science (153) 7: pp. 789-796 Czinkota, R., and Ronkainen, A. (2005). A forecast of globalization, international business and Trade: a report from a Delphi study." Journal of World Business, 40(2): 111-123. Dequech, D. (2006). The new institutional economics and the theory of behavior under Uncertainty. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 59(1), 109- 131. Frenken, K. (2006). Technological innovation and complexity theory. Economics of Innovation And New Technology 15(2): 137155. Furnham, A., and Boo, C. (2011). A literature review of the framing effect. Journal of Socio- Economics, 40(1), 35-42. Hallowell, R., Gambatese, A., (2010). Qualitative research: application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(1), 99-107. Green, C., Armstrong, S. (2011). Role thinking: standing in other people's shoes to forecast Decisions in conflicts. International Journal of Forecasting, 27(1), 69-80. Jalonen, H. (2011). The uncertainty of innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management Research 4(1): 127-141 Karni E., and Schmeidler, D., (2009a), "A Temporal Dynamic Consistency and Expected Utility Theory, Journal of Economic Theory, 54: 401-408. Mula, J., Poler, R., Garcia-Sabater, J., and Lario, C. (2006). Models for Production Planning Under Uncertainty: A Review. Int. J. Production Economics, 103(1): 271-285. Wang, M.; Yang, B., and Xu, L., (2006). "Environmental Impact Assessment Using the Evidential Reasoning Approach". European Journal of Operational Research. 174 (3): 18851913. Xu D.L.; Yang J.B.; Wang Y.M. (2006). "The ER approach for multi-attribute decision analysis Under interval uncertainties". European Journal of Operational Research. 174 (3): 191443 Yang, M., (2007). Optimal Strategy for the Integrated Buyer-Vendor Model Fuzzy Annual Demand and Fuzzy Adjustable Production Rate. Journal of Applied Science, 7(7): 10251029.

Human Resource Management A study on Aksa - Turkey

Question: Employee engagement is a key element of talent management: engaged employees feel positive about their job and identify with the organization (Robinson et al., 2004) and are less likely to leave (Harter et al., 2002). Critically analyze different factors which promote employee engagement within an organization. Answer: Abstract In current business scenario of the world all business organizations are practicing human recourse policies to achieve a sustainable business growth which is very important in this competitive environment. In this practice of human resource employee engagement is becoming very important to run their business. Practice of employee engagement provides many advantages to the company which helps in smooth business process as well as help to reduce the running cost. The performance of the company depends on the employees and employees perform well when the culture of the organization is good. The Department of human resource balances this process by many initiatives within the organization. Employee engagement is one of that process which helps to satisfy the employees social need in their work place. Leaders or managers are being trained to learn how to engage employees in every process of the organizational development. Engaging all the employees in their respective areas one can achiev e the highest performance. Employees are treated in such a way that everyone is equally important to the organization so the contribution of every employee is also important. This kind of activity incorporate a sense of self esteem which drive the motivational force of the employee to perform better for the organization (Citehr.com, 2015). Introduction Aksa Chemical is the worlds largest acrylic fiber producer having a non stop operation in seven days in aweek and 24 hours a day based in Turkey. They are consisting of huge work force combining their manufacturing and marketing department. To manage this huge work force the human resource department has to be very strong in their actions. The human resource department of Aksa chemical is structured in such a way that they can monitor employee performance in each department. Within many initiative of human resource department they have emphasized on the employee engagement program so that all the employees remain satisfied in their work place. To run this initiative of the employee engagement human resource department aims to increase safety and work environment in their work place and production process. Healthy and safety is the first priority for the Aksa chemical in their business process. To engage their employees human resource department of Aksa chemical conduct frequent train ing programs which are being held in every six months. It is mandatory for almost all the employees to take training which helps to motivate them as well as increase their performance quality. The policy of their training is to improve skills and knowledge to ensure the adaption of new technology. Another employee engagement program is 360 degree where individual development program are carried by the professional consultants to evaluate individuals. In this program employees can evaluate themselves in term of performance and behavior. This kind of program motivates employees to develop their own skills for their carrier success as well as the success of the company. Another objective of employee engagement program is to retain employees. Employee retention not only increases the performance of the company it also helps to reduce the cost of operating business (Aksa.com, 2015). Literature review Employee engagement is an upcoming field where the HR managers are required to put more attention. In an era of rapid globalization and fluctuating economies coupled with intense competition and changing needs of the consumers, the companies need to push its performance levels by reducing costs, improving their quality, enhancing its productivity and brining in innovative products quickly (Brajer-Marczak, 2014). The employees are the ones who will help the organization to achieve its goals. Thus it is important for the companies to keep their employees motivated and provide them job satisfaction as it will increase their productivity. They also need to ensure that they make the employee feel a valuable part of the organization by providing them with challenging tasks and breaking the monotony of work. It is important for the organization to align the personal goals of the employees with the organizational goals. Engaged employee are highly satisfied with their jobs and they walk an e xtra mile to make the organization competitive with respect to its competitors. There are various benefits that an organization receives by engaging its employees. Engagement provides a psychological satisfaction to the employees. Engaged employee yields higher productivity and they most of the time outperforms those who are not engaged. This happens because they get motivated and become flexible and gains the ability to take quick decision to solve small problems at work (Bridger, 2014). Engaged employee understand the strategies adopted by the company and contribute effectively towards the achievement of goals. They also become loyal to the company and this reduces the turnover rate of employee. All this can help the organization to reduce its operating income; a reduced level of absenteeism, fewer accidents takes place. There are many models, which can be applied by the organization to unlock the full potential of the employees (GagneÃÅ' , 2014). One such model is Sirotas three factor model. This model states that the engagement among employees can be attained through the fulfillment of three key engagement factors. They are: Achievement: When an employee is given a task which is challenging and he perceives it important for the organization, this creates a sense of achievement when he completes the job (Thompson, Lemmon and Walter, 2015). The feeling of pride is instilled in him when he is appropriately recognized for his efforts. This motivates him to continue to strive for better results in future. Camaraderie: This means providing a healthy working environment to the employees. The organization must create a work culture which is warm, cooperative and interesting. The environment must stimulate a sense of harmony among co-workers and it should crate mutual trust for each other (Hsieh and Wang, 2014). This will create sense of belongingness among employees. When an employee feel wanted, he automatically becomes more productive. Equity: The organization must ensure to prevent any kind of discrimination at the workplace. They should follow internal as well as external equity principle (Sharon, 2014). Internal equity means all employees should be provided the basic amenities at workplace and external means that they should get the pay as per the market standards. Maslows hierarchy of needs Maslows hierarchy of needs essentially deals with the hierarchy that is formed in a pyramid. There are different levels analyzed with the use of self-actualization process at the top. At the base of the model, the needs start from the physiological perspective. Physiological needs- These are the basis needs in any organization. This also includes the basic need like that of food, water, air that is crucial for the sustenance of person. Similarly, Harzing and Pinnington, (2010) put forward in any organization the employees also have the specific need like the worth of the job, the perspective of money and other important aspects that is important for the employee. It is the basic attraction the, employees have towards the organization in order to stay back or sustain. Safety needs- The needs are part of the safety and the security process that is important in any persons life. This also includes the analysis of violence, post traumatic and other experience that might be the problem of the individual. Armstrong and Taylor (2014) mentions the security can be based on personal level of security, financial, health and security against illness. The safety needs in case of the employees in an organization deals with the sense of security that they have within the organization. The importance of salary is crucial along with the attachment to the team, the working hours, the environment of work and such other factors. Love and belonging- This is the attachment people have towards the family or any other group. This includes the friendship, family and intimacy. It is the sense of belonging that makes a person feel attach to the family or society. Similarly, in case of an organization it is important to note that there has to be a belonging to the organization. This is the motivation that the employees have from the organization. They feel the integrity towards the organization with the help of the belonging aspect (CHUANG and Liao, 2010). Esteem- This is the self-analysis along with the confidence helps in driving the ideas of freedom, interdependence, and self-confidence. In case of the esteem it is the personal level respect that individuals have being a part of society. Similarly, Bindl and Parker (2010) opine in case of an organization the respect and the treatment of the employees play a key role. They feel engaged to the process and interact cohesively when they receive the respect that they deserve. Self actualization- This is the potentiality that, people have in personal life in order to accomplish themselves. It is the usual drive and the desire that people have in their life. In case of an organization, it is the urge of the employees to reach a particular position. This helps in generating their own potentiality to reach a point (Wollard and Shuck, 2011). Self transcendence- This is the perspective that transcends the ides of self to divinity and spirituality. This is more than motivation the urge to reach a particular position in the company (Coetzee and De Villiers, 2010). This is the idea of being self sufficient along with the idea of overpowering the performance of self. This perspective also includes the idea to inspire and motivate others. Maslows hierarchy of needs (employee engagement) (Source: Scancapture.co.uk, 2015) Motivational Factor for the Employee There are various motivational factors for the employees of the organization, which the organization can give to its employees. The motivational factor always helps the organization to motivate its employees to work hard or in accurate way for the organization. The Motivational factors for the employees are as follows: The Reward system for the employees of the organization always motivates the employees to work harder for the organization. The reward system can be in terms of monetary reward, or giving additional rewards. The monetary rewards is the best reward for the employees, because the main motive is to earn money for all the workers who work in the organization (Finne, 2015). The leadership quality can also be the motivational factors for the employees of the organization, as the employees always want to work under the good leader. So the good leadership style may engage the workers to do work for the organization (Scott Scott, 2015). Recommendation The human recourse is the most important resources for any organization. The proper utilization of the human resources makes the organization to run faster and smoother. The organization should use its human resources very accurately, so that it can help the organization to make progress in the future. There are some recommendations for the organization to make the proper utilization of the human resources: The organization can arrange for the training and development program for the employees of the organization, so that the employees of the organization can know work in a better way and the employees can also achieved the target for the organization, which also helps the company for its success. The organizational changes can also help the employees of the organization, changes in terms of technology, process of working or method of working. The technological changes can help the employees to work faster and easier. The appraisal system of the organization can also help the organization, to make the workers work more properly. The appraisal system motivates the employees of the organization to work hard for the organization. Conclusion The project tells about the employees engagement for the organization. In this project, we can see that the organization wants to utilize the human resources in a proper way, so that the organization can achieved the targets of the company. The proper utilization of human resources is the main focus for every organization, as the ultimate use of human resources can help the company to progress their work. The in the literature review of the project we also discuss about the Maslows hierarchy theory, and Siro task three factor model which tells us about the basic need of the employees of the organization and how the motivational factor help the organization for the utilization of the employees. References Aksa.com, (2015).Management Systems Policy - CORPORATE - Management Systems Policy - AKSA. [online] Available at: https://www.aksa.com/en/corporate/management-systems-policy/management-systems-policy/i-287. Citehr.com, (2015).Employee Engagement Activities Bpo Personnel Fun. [online] Available at: https://www.citehr.com/63008-employee-engagement-activities-bpo-personnel-fun.html. Finne, M. (2015). Implementation of motivational interviewing. Physiotherapy, 101, e383-e384. doi:10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.605 Scott, D., Scott, S. (2015). Leadership for quality university teaching: How bottom-up academic insights can inform top-down leadership. 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(2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. CHUANG, C. H., and Liao, H. U. I. (2010). Strategic human resource management in service context: Taking care of business by taking care of employees and customers.Personnel Psychology,63(1), 153-196. Bindl, U. K., and Parker, S. K. (2010). 32 Feeling good and performing well? Psychological engagement and positive behaviors at work.Handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice, 385. Wollard, K. K., and Shuck, B. (2011). Antecedents to employee engagement a structured review of the Literature.Advances in Developing Human Resources,13(4), 429-446. Coetzee, M., and De Villiers, M. (2010). Sources of job stress, work engagement and career orientations of employees in a South African financial institution.Southern African Business Review,14(1), 27-58. Scancapture.co.uk, (2015). 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